研究方向：

主要研究方向是纳米生物材料及其复合材料的制备、自组装和性能；微波辅助快速制备低维及复合纳米材料。近几年来，朱英杰研究员等在发展纳米材料的快速、低成本、节能和环境友好的制备新方法方面开展了大量探索研究，取得了一系列创新性研究结果。纳米材料实际应用需要解决的关键问题之一是制备成本和效率问题，因此，探索快速、低成本和节能的制备方法具有重要的科学意义。另外，环境污染问题对发展纳米材料的环境友好的制备方法提出了更高的要求。微波是一种电磁波，属于整体加热方式，电磁能直接作用于介质分子转换成热能，加热速率非常快，可大大缩短材料的制备时间，节省能源。近几年来，微波在纳米材料快速制备中的应用显示出巨大的潜力和广阔的应用前景。发展了一维纳米材料及纳米复合材料的快速、节能、环境友好的制备方法，包括微波离子液体法、微波多元硫醇还原法、微波前驱物转化法、微波原位同步制备法等微波快速制备方法,并将这些方法应用于多种材料体系一维纳米材料及纳米复合材料的快速制备及纳米结构的形貌控制和自组装，在Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., J. Phys. Chem. B, Crystal Growth and Design等国际SCI期刊上发表有关微波快速制备纳米材料的系列论文近50篇，并申请多项发明专利。

创新成果：

一维纳米材料如纳米线、纳米管等是一类重要的纳米材料，在纳米器件中具有诱人的应用前景。为了探索快速、节能、环境友好的制备新方法，朱英杰研究员等将微波加热与室温离子液体的优点相结合，发展了微波辅助离子液体新方法，该方法具有较普遍的适用性，适用于多种一维纳米材料的快速制备。主要优点是环境友好，因为离子液体是环境友好的绿色溶剂和吸收微波的优良介质，同微波技术相结合具有快速制备的优点（一般为几分钟，节省时间1到2个数量级），可大大提高纳米材料的制备效率。由于微波加热时间很短，因此可以节省能源。 已采用微波离子液体法快速制备了金属、非金属、氧化物、含氧酸盐、硫化物、硒化物、碲化物等多种一维纳米材料。相关多篇论文在Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., J. Phys. Chem. B, Crystal Growth and Design 等国际重要SCI期刊上发表。发表在Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 1410 (2004) 的论文受到审稿专家的高度评价："微波化学与室温离子液体合成选择的结合是本论文显著的创新特征……总之，所报道的结果是创新的，毫无疑问对Angew. Chem. 的读者有很大的影响。"另一审稿专家评论说：“所述制备方法无论是在所制备纳米结构的质量还是在它的多功能性方面都是新颖的和有前途的……”。该论文入选该期刊“热点论文”，该论文发表后被他人多次引用，2004年发表以来单篇论文已被引用约150次，并入选ISI Essential Science Indicators “热点论文”和“高引用论文”。发表在J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 4361 (2005) 的论文入选2005年1-6月“访问次数最多的论文 (Most-Accessed Article)”。

纳米片是一种二维纳米结构，具有独特的物理化学性能，是研究性能与维度关系的理想体系，也是研制构建纳米器件的理想基质和平台，具有良好的应用前景。但难点是一般具备层状结构的材料才可能直接制备成纳米片。朱英杰研究员等发展了层状前驱物转化法用于多种具有非层状结构材料纳米片的制备。论文发表在J. Phys. Chem. B, Crystal Growth & Design, Current Nanoscience 等国际SCI 期刊上。

有机/无机纳米复合材料综合了无机、有机、纳米材料的优异性能，具有诱人的应用前景。但文献报道的一些制备方法分别制备有机和无机组分，然后再机械混合，存在纳米粒子团聚、非均匀复合等问题。针对这些问题，朱英杰研究员等发展了有机/无机纳米复合材料的微波原位同步快速制备等新方法，即无机纳米粒子和聚合物在微波作用下的均相溶液中同步生成，使纳米粒子在聚合物中均匀分散复合，解决了纳米粒子的团聚和分散问题。目前已用该方法快速制备了多种聚丙烯酰胺/金属 (Ag, Cu, Pt) 纳米复合材料和聚丙烯酰胺/硫化物 (Ag2S, Cu2S, HgS) 纳米复合材料。该方法具有快速制备的特点，时间可以节省一个数量级。此外，单体聚合不需使用引发剂和还原剂，成本较低。目前已获发明专利授权。论文发表在 J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 8593 (2006), J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 3920 (2007) 和Chem. Commun. No. 12, 1081 (1997)上。审稿人评价说：“微波法制备纳米复合材料目前研究的很少, 微波法在原位聚合方面的确具有独特的优势。” “该合成方法是非常简单的一步法，起始原料很容易获得。” J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 8593 (2006)论文入选2006年4-6月 美国化学会“访问次数最多的论文 (Most-Accessed Article)”。

发展了纳米生物材料例如纳米羟基磷灰石、磷酸氢钙、碳酸钙的微波快速制备方法。例如，采用微波法制得在室温下得不到的特殊形貌的介稳相碳酸钙，并可以对碳酸钙的形貌和物相进行控制。而介稳相碳酸钙由于很不稳定，在制备上是一个难点。论文发表在 J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 8302 (2006) 。有关微波快速制备纳米磷酸氢钙和纳米羟基磷灰石的工作发表在 J. Phys. Chem. B,110, 14226 (2006) 上。

发展了生物分子辅助纳米晶自组装方法, 用一种方法实现了多种纳米晶可控自组装。铅的硫族化合物（硫化铅、硒化铅、碲化铅）是重要的半导体材料，在红外成像、红外激光器和热电器件等领域有广泛的应用。铅的硫族化合物不具有层状晶体结构，因此采用常规的制备手段通过层卷曲机制制备纳米管比较困难。文献报道的大多数是单晶纳米管。由纳米晶通过自组装定向排列而形成的多晶纳米管少有报道。可以预期由于多晶纳米管的组成单元是尺寸很小的纳米晶，它与单晶纳米管相比，可能具有更明显的量子尺寸效应和优异的性能。但要将纳米晶通过自组装定向排列而形成多晶纳米管是制备上的一个难点。针对这一难点，朱英杰研究员等采用生物分子辅助制备了一种新颖的铅的碱式半胱氨酸化合物纳米晶自组装多晶纳米线，以此为模板在常温下快速实现了铅的硫族化合物半导体纳米晶的形成和定向自组装，制备出硫化铅、硒化铅、碲化铅多晶纳米管，表现出明显的量子尺寸效应。该方法主要优点是操作简便、快速、可在室温制备（节能）、原料易得、成本低、产率高、可批量制备，具有良好的应用前景。该方法有望推广到其它材料体系纳米管的快速制备。该工作发表在Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45, 7739 (2006)上。 审稿人评价说：“朱等人报道了一个有趣的采用模板策略方法制备重要的一维铅半导体材料。作者很好地表明定向组装方法是如何能用于制备重要的铅的硫族化合物半导体材料。……这是一篇很有价值的工作。” 另一审稿人评价说：“作者提出了通过生物分子辅助在室温下实现铅的硫族化合物半导体纳米管制备的二步法。……不同的技术相结合发展纳米材料通用的制备方法是通向无机化学“设计”过程的重要步骤。……像这种多技术策略很可能引起更多读者的兴趣，并且对于他们探索其它体系提供了具有启发性的思路。”

在较低温度下制备出六方结构硫化锌。该结果对硫化锌相转变机理研究和物相控制具有重要的意义。实现了多种硫化锌纳米结构（量子点、纳米棒、纳米片及混合纳米结构）自组装纳米结构组装球，提出了形成机理，引入了动力学生长和热力学生长的概念，可解释多种硫化锌纳米结构组装球的形成。论文发表在J. Phys. Chem. C,111, 3893 (2007)。还发展了硫化镉量子点的有机金属前驱物低温热解转化制备方法，提出了成核生长的三个阶段；硫化镉量子点显示出明显的量子尺寸效应；论文发表在 Nanotechnology, 17, 845 (2006)上。

在氧化物半导体纳米复合材料(ZnO/SnO2)的形貌控制和光催化研究中取得进展，采用简单的方法制得ZnO/SnO2纳米复合空心球和纳米片组装复杂三维多级结构，在有机污染物的降解中具有很高的活性。论文发表在国际权威功能材料期刊 Advanced Functional Materials,17, 59 (2007) 上 。发展了一个简单方法，以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、吡咯或聚乙二醇作为还原剂, 以氧化物为原料制备单质一维纳米材料。本方法简易，不需加入其它还原剂。该工作对在加热和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮存在条件下理解纳米材料的形成机理具有启发作用。论文发表在Nanotechnology, 17, 645 (2006)上，该论文网上下载次数入选英国物理学会IOP所有期刊论文的前10 %。

在人才培养方面，已培养博士后1人，博士7人，硕士1人。在培养的研究生中，1人荣获“中国科学院院长优秀奖”，2人荣获 “上海市高等学校优秀毕业生”，1人荣获“中国科学院王宽诚博士后工作奖励基金”，4人荣获“中国科学院研究生院三好学生”， 1人荣获“宝钢优秀学生奖”, 4人荣获 “严东生奖学金”。

发表论文：

1.  Shao-Wen Cao, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Iron Oxide Hollow Spheres: Microwave-Hydrothermal Ionic Liquid Preparation, Formation Mechanism, Crystal Phase and Morphology Control and Properties

    Acta Materialia, (2009).

2.  Kaili Lin, Jiang Chang, Yingjie Zhu, Wei Wu, Guofeng Cheng, Yi Zeng and Meiling Ruan

    A Facile One-Step Surfactant-Free and Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Method to Prepare Uniform 3D Structured Carbonated Apatite Flowers

    Crystal Growth & Design, 9 (1), 177-181 (2009).

3.  Ming-Yan Ma, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Liang Li, Shao-Wen Cao

    Nanostructured Porous Hollow Ellipsoidal Capsules of Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Silicate: Preparation and Application in Drug Delivery

    Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18, 2722 - 2727 (2008).

4.  Shao-Wen Cao, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Hierarchically Nanostructured α-Fe2O3 Hollow Spheres: Preparation, Growth Mechanism, Photocatalytic Property and Application in Water Treatment

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 6253-6257 (2008).

5.  Shao-Wen Cao, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Ming-Yan Ma, Liang Li, Ling Zhang

    Hierarchically Nanostructured Magnetic Hollow Spheres of Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3: Preparation and Potential Application in Drug Delivery

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 1851-1856 (2008).

6.  Shao-Wen Cao, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Surfactant-free Preparation and Drug Release Property of Magnetic Hollow Core/Shell Hierarchical Nanostructures

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 12149-12156 (2008).

7.  Ling Zhang, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Microwave-assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of AlOOH Hierarchically Nanostructured Microspheres and Their Transformation to γ-Al2O3 with Similar Morphologies

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 16764-16768 (2008).

8.  Shao-Wen Cao, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Fe3O4 Polyhedral Nanoparticles with a High Magnetization Sythesized in Mixed Solvent Ethylene Glycol-Water System

    New Journal of Chemistry, 32 (9), 1526-1530 (2008).

9.  Wei-Wei Wang, Ying-Jie Zhu* and Li-Xia Yang

    ZnO/SnO2 Hollow Spheres and Hierarchical Nanosheets: Hydrothermal Preparation, Formation Mechanism and Photocatalytic Properties

    Advanced Functional Materials, 17, 59-64 (2007).

10. Yuanhui Zheng, Chongqi Chen, Yingying Zhan, Xingyi in, Qi Zheng, Kemei Wei, Jiefang Zhu, Ying-Jie Zhu

    Liminescence and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Nanocrystals: Correlation between Structure and Property

    Inorganic Chemistry, 46, 6675-6682 (2007).

11. Li-Xia Yang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Hua Tong, Zhen-Hua Liang, Wei-Wei Wang

    Hierarchcal β-Ni(OH)2 and NiO Carnations Assembled from Nanosheet Building Blocks

    Crystal Growth & Design, 7, 2716-2719 (2007).

12. Hua Tong, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Li-Xia Yang, Liang Li, Ling Zhang, Jiang Chang, Li-Qiong An, and Shi-Wei Wang

    Self-Assembled ZnS Nanostructured Spheres: Controllable Crystal Phase and Morphology

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111, 3893-3900 (2007).

13. Jie-Fang Zhu, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Ming-Guo Ma, Li-Xia Yang, Lian Gao

    Simultaneous and Rapid Microwave Synthesis of Polyacrylamide-Metal Sulfide (Ag2S, Cu2S, HgS) Nanocomposites

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111, 3920-3926 (2007).

14. Wei-Wei Wang, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Magnetite Nanosheets in Mixed Solvents of Ethylene Glycol and Water

    Current Nanoscience, 3 (2), 171-176 (2007).

15. Ming-Guo Ma, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    A Simple Route to Synthesis of SrCO3 with Olive-like and Flower-like Morphologies

    Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 7, 4552-4556 (2007).

16. Li-Xia Yang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Hua Tong, Zhen-Hua Liang, Liang Li, Ling Zhang

    Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxide Nanostructures in Mixed Solvents of Water and Alcohol

    Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 180, 2095-2101 (2007).

17. Wei-Wei Wang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Mei-Ling Ruan

    Microwave-assisted Synthesis and Magnetic Property of Magnetite and Hematite Nanoparticles

    Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 9, 419-426 (2007).

18. Li-Xia Yang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Hua Tong, Wei-Wei Wang

    Submicroncubes and Highly Oriented Assembles of MnCO3 Synthesized by Ultrasound Agitation Method and Their Thermal Transformation to Nanoporous Mn2O3

    Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 14, 259-265 (2007).

19. Hua Tong, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Li-Xia Yang, Liang Li, Ling Zhang

    Lead Chalcogenide (PbE: E=S, Se, Te) Nanotubes Synthesized by Biomolecule-Assisted Self-Assembly of Nanocrystals at Room Temperature

    Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45, 7739-7742 (2006).

20. Jie-Fang Zhu, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Microwave-Assisted One-step Synthesis of Polyacrylamide-metal (M=Ag, Pt, Cu) Nanocomposites in Ethylene Glycol

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 8593-8597 (2006).

21. Li-Xia Yang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Wei-Wei Wang, Hua Tong, Mei-Ling Ruan

    Synthesis and Formation Mechanism of Nanoneedles and Nanorods of Manganese Oxide Octahedral Molecular Sieve in an Ionic Liquid

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 6609-6614 (2006).

22. Rui-Juan Qi, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate (Vaterite) of Various Morphologies in Water-Ethylene Glycol Mixed Solvents

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 8302-8306 (2006).

23. Ming-Guo Ma, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Jiang Chang

    Monetite Formed in Mixed Solvents of Water and Ethylene Glycol and Its Transformation to Hydroxyapatite

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 14226-14230 (2006).

24. Ying-Jie Zhu*, Xian-Luo Hu, Wei-Wei Wang

    Poly(vinylpyrrolidone): A New Reductant for Preparation of Tellurium Nanorods, Nanowires and Tubes from TeO2

    Nanotechnology, 17, 645-650 (2006).

25. Hua Tong, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Synthesis of CdS Nanocrystals Based on Low-temperature Thermolysis of One Single-source Organometallic Precursor

    Nanotechnology, 17, 845-851 (2006).

26. Ya Jiang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Guo-Feng Cheng

    Synthesis of Bi2Se3 Nanosheets by Microwave Heating Using an Ionic Liquid

    Crystal Growth & Design, 6, 2174-2176 (2006).

27. Li-Xia Yang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Liang Li, Ling Zhang, Hua Tong, Wei-Wei Wang, Guo-Feng Cheng, and Jie-Fang Zhu

    A Facile Hydrothermal Route to Flower-like Cobalt Hydroxide and Oxide

    European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 4787-4792 (2006).

28. Li-Xia Yang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Hua Tong, Wei-Wei Wang, Guo-Feng Cheng

    Low Temperature Synthesis of Mn3O4 Polyhedral Nanocrystals and Magnetic Study

    Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 179, 1225-1229 (2006).

29. Ya Jiang, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Sulfide M2S3 (M = Bi, Sb) Nanorods Using an Ionic Liquid

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109, 4361-4364 (2005).

30. Qui-Juan Qi, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Guo-Feng Cheng, Yue-Hong Huang

    Sonochemical Synthesis of Single-crystalline CeOHCO3 Rods and Their Thermal Conversion to CeO2 Rods

    Nanotechnology, 16, 2502-2506 (2005).

31. Wei-Wei Wang, Ying-Jie Zhu*

    Synthesis of PbCrO4 and Pb2CrO5 Rods via a Microwave-assisted Ionic Liquid Method

    Crystal Growth and Design, 5, 505-507 (2005).

32. Ying-Jie Zhu*, Wei-Wei Wang, Rui-Juan Qi, Xian-Luo Hu

    Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Single-crystalline Tellurium Nanorods and Nanowires in Ionic Liquids

    Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43, 1410-1014 (2004).

33. Zhen-Hua Liang, Ying-Jie Zhu*, Xian-Luo Hu

    β-Nickel Hydroxide Nanosheets and Their Thermal Decomposition to Nickel Oxide Nanosheets

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 3488-3491 (2004).

34. Xian-Luo Hu, Ying-Jie Zhu*

     Morphology Control of PbWO4 Nano- and Microcrystals via a Simple, Seedless, and High-Yield Wet Chemical Route

     Langmuir, 20, 1521-1523 (2004).

35. Wei-Wei Wang and Ying-Jie Zhu*

     Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Zinc Oxide by Microwave Heating Using an Imidazolium Salt

     Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 7, 1003-1005 (2004).

36. Yingjie Zhu, Albert Schnieders, Jennifer D.Alexander and Thomas P. Beebe,Jr.

     Pit-Templated Synthesis and Oxygen Adsorption Properties of Gold Nanostructures on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

     Langmuir, 18 (15), 5728-5733 (2002).

37. Ari P. Seitsonen, Yingjie Zhu, Kolja Bedürftig, Herbert Over

    Bonding Mechanism and Atomic Geometry of an Ordered Hydroxyl Overlayer on Pt(111)

    Journal of The American Chemical Society, 123, 7347-7351 (2001).

38. Yingjie Zhu, Jennifer D. McBride, Terra A. Hansen，Thomas P. Beebe, Jr. Controlled Production of Molecular Corrals Using Cesium Ion Bombardment:

    A TOF-SIMS, XPS and STM Study.

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 105 (10), 2010-2018 (2001).

39. Yingjie Zhu, Terra A. Hansen, Sven Ammermann, Jennifer D. McBride, Thomas P. Beebe, Jr.

    Nanometer-size Monolayer and Multilayer Molecule Corrals on HOPG

    A Depth-Resolved Mechanistic Study by STM

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 105 (32), 7632-7638 (2001).

40. Jinho Hyun, Yingjie Zhu, Mohammed Heideran, Andrea Liebmann-Vinson,

    Thomas P. Beebe, Jr., and Ashutosh Chilkoti

    Microstamping on an Activated Polymer Surface: Patterning Biotin and Streptavidin onto Common Polymeric Biomaterials

    Langmuir, 17 (20), 6358-6367 (2001).

41. Yingjie Zhu, Neal Olson and Thomas P. Beebe, Jr.

    Surface Chemical Characterization of 2.5-Micron Particulates from Air Pollution in Salt Lake City Using TOF-SIMS, XPS and FTIR

    Environmental Science and Technology, 35 (15), 3113-3121 (2001).

42. Yu-Shiu Lo, Yingjie Zhu, Thomas P. Beebe, Jr.

    Loading-Rate Dependence of Individual Ligand-Receptor Bond-Rupture Forces Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

    Langmuir, 17 (12), 3741-3748 (2001).

43. M. Chen, Y. Xie, J. C. Lu, Y. J. Zhu, Y. T. Qian

    A Novel 2-Step Radiation Route to PbSe Crystalline Nanorods

    Journal of Materials Chemistry, 11 (2), 518-520 (2001).

44. Meng Chen, Yi Xie, Zhengping Qiao, Yingjie Zhu and Yitai Qian

    Synthesis of CdS short Nanofibers/Poly(styren-alt-maleic anhydride) Composites Using g-Irradiation

    Journal of Materials Chemistry, 10 (2), 329-332 (2000).

45. Y. D. Kim, Y. J. Zhu, S. Wendt, A. P. Seitsonen, S. Schwegmann, H. Bludau and H. Over

    Comparison of The Electronic Structure and Surface Geometry of The Metastable Cs + O Overlayers on Ru (0001)

    Physical Review B, 61 (12), 8455-8461 (2000).

46. Y. J. Zhu, A. Morgante, A. P. Seitsonnen, S. Wendt, Y. D. Kim, S. Schwegmann, H. Bludau and H. Over

    Coadsorption of Cs with O and CO on Ru(0001): Relation Between Structural and Electronic Properties

    Progress in Surface Science, 64 (3-8), 211-223 (2000).

47. Zhengping Qiao, Yi Xie, Yingjie Zhu and Yitai Qian

    Synthesis of Lead Sulfide/(Polyvinyl acetate) Nanocomposites with Controllable Morphology

    Chemical Physics Letters, 321 (5-6), 504-507 (2000).

48. Zhenping Qiao, Yi Xie, Xiaojun Li, Cheng Wang, Yingjie Zhu, Y. T. Qian

    g-Irradiation Preparation and Phase Control of Nanocrystalline CdS

    Journal of Materials Chemistry, 9 (3), 735-738 (1999).

49. Zhengping Qiao, Yi Xie, Yingjie Zhu and Yitai Qian

    Synthesis of PbS/Polyacrylonitrile Nanocomposites at Room Temperature by g-Irradiation

    Journal of Materials Chemistry, 9 (4), 1001-1002 (1999).

50. Zhu Yingjie, Qian Yitai, Li Xiaojun and Zhang Manwei

    g-Radiation Synthesis and Charactrization of Polyacrylamide-Silver Nanocomposites

    Chemical Communications, No. 12, 1081-1082 (1997).

51. Liu Yunping, Zhu Yingjie, Zhang Yinhan, Qian Yitai, Zhang Manwei, Yang Li

    Preparation of Nanocrystalline Cobalt Powders by g-Irradiation Method

    Journal of Materials Chemistry, 7(5), 787-789 (1997).

52. Zhu Yingjie, Qian Yitai, Zhang Manwei, Chen Zuyao and Zhou Guien

    g-Radiation Sol-Gel Synthesis of Glass-Metal Nanocomposites

    Journal of Materials Chemistry, 4 (10), 1619-1620 (1994).